They did not flee in panic, however. As they fell back, they continued to fire at the soldiers, who pursued them for nearly a mile, until the snow fell too heavily to continue. The blizzard also covered the retreat of the warriors who had remained to fight from the hills northwest of the Tongue River.
Amazingly enough, the soldiers had suffered only a few casualties, one dead and eight wounded. One of the wounded would die the next day. Crazy Horse obviously still had enough healthy bodies to fight on, but he had used up most of his ammunition, which could not be replaced. He led his people back up the Tongue and then over to the Little Powder. On January 9, Miles began his march back to his post at the mouth of the Tongue River.
Although the battle had been a draw, the colonel had demonstrated to the nonagency Lakotas and Cheyennes that the soldiers could find them and fight them any time, anywhere. Talk of surrender resurfaced. Crazy Horse declined to join him; he knew it was even colder in Canada. He was to go to Crazy Horse with Bruls and a pack train of gifts and promise him his own agency in the Powder River country if he would surrender to Crook. Crazy Horse was out on a solo hunt, but Spotted Tail told those present that unless they surrendered, Crook would attack them with the help of not only Crow and Shoshone scouts but also other Lakotas and Cheyennes.
Negotiations began without Crazy Horse participating. The elusive Oglala did send word through his father, Worm, that he would soon bring his camp of Oglalas and Northern Cheyennes, about lodges, to the Red Cloud Agency.
Red Cloud had once been chief of all the agency Lakotas, but Crook had stripped him of the title and given it to Spotted Tail. Still smarting from his failure to defeat Crazy Horse at the Rosebud and jealous of Colonel Miles, Crook agreed when Red Cloud volunteered to go out and hurry the Oglala leader along. Red Cloud was allowed to take cattle and other provisions so that Crazy Horse and his followers would not have to stop to hunt on their way to the agency in western Nebraska.
Turning himself in, though, must have been agonizingly difficult for Crazy Horse, who had always lived as a free man in the traditional Lakota manner.
Now, he would have to take handouts and obey the white man. But he was determined to do what was best for his people. They were the last major group of Lakota holdouts on American soil to surrender.
I want this peace to last forever. Crazy Horse carried a Winchester rifle across his saddle as he rode to the fort. His braids, wrapped in fur, fell across his buckskin shirt. He Dog and another old friend, Little Big Man, rode on either side of him. The procession stretched for two miles. Hayes in Washington, D. Indian Scouts on May Crazy Horse did say he wanted the agency that had been promised him. He wanted it to be at a grassy spot on Beaver Creek where he had camped many times in what is now northeast Wyoming.
Clark and Crazy Horse soon came to an impasse. Crazy Horse was also worried that the U. Just as Crazy Horse was suspicious of the Army and government, Clark and many others were suspicious of the popular new prisoner.
Crazy Horse was apparently not suspicious of scout-interpreter Frank Grouard, but he should have been. Grouard had lived with the Lakotas for a time, and Crazy Horse regarded him as a friend. Grouard greeted Crazy Horse at Camp Robinson like a long-lost buddy, but he no doubt feared that the Oglala would learn the truth. Not all the Lakotas supported Crazy Horse, either. Red Cloud and Spotted Tail, whose agencies were about 40 miles apart, were jealous of the young hero.
They and their cohorts began spreading rumors that Crazy Horse intended to break out and renew his fight against the whites. Eventually, Crazy Horse softened his stance on the Washington trip. In July, he decided he would go. The general also promised that the Lakotas could go on a buffalo hunt. Red Cloud and his followers promptly left the council in protest, and that night warned Indian agents Benjamin Shopp and James Irwin that Crazy Horse could not be trusted.
Furthermore, Red Cloud had his friends tell Crazy Horse that the trip to Washington was a ruse, and that if he went along he would be shipped off to prison in the Dry Tortugas, off the coast of Florida, where the worst Indians were put. Crazy Horse listened to the talk and, over the objections of He Dog, told the Army authorities he would not be going to Washington after all.
Crazy Horse refused, even though Clark offered him a horse, a uniform and a new repeating rifle. Clark persisted. Crook took the rumor seriously and turned back, sending orders for the agency chiefs to report to him at Camp Robinson. Crook told them that he wanted Crazy Horse arrested. Red Cloud and the others said that Crazy Horse was a desperate man and would fight if anyone tried to arrest him.
It would be better, they said, to kill him. Crook said he could not condone murder, but he wanted Crazy Horse arrested and would provide cavalry to assist their warriors.
From there he would be taken to Fort Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas. The next morning, September 4, the chiefs rode out of Camp Robinson with agency warriors and eight companies of the 3rd Cavalry to arrest Crazy Horse. When they reached his camp, about six miles away, they found he had fled, along with his wife Black Shawl, who was suffering from tuberculosis, to the Spotted Tail Agency in the hopes of finding a more peaceful existence. They escorted him to Camp Sheridan, where he intended to tell the authorities about his move.
Spotted Tail appeared with a crowd of his warriors and told Crazy Horse that he must listen to and obey him. According to Lieutenant Jesse M. Lee, acting Indian agent at the Spotted Tail Agency, Crazy Horse looked like a frightened animal as he explained that he never intended to go north and kill whites or to murder Crook.
He asked Lee to go to Camp Robinson with him to help explain the situation. Burke and Lee promised Crazy Horse that the Army did not wish to harm him and would listen to his side of the story. Still, he retained his spirit. Later on, he raced his horse ahead over a hill, where he met a Lakota family. Lee, though, thought the family had given him a knife. Not all were friendly, but they parted to allow him to pass through. A year later, he dedicated the memorial with an inaugural explosion.
In the early days, Ziolkowski had little money, a faulty old compressor, and a rickety, seven-hundred-and-forty-one-step wooden staircase built to access the mountainside. Ruth told the press that Korczak had informed her that the mountain would come first, she second, and their children third.
He made models for a university campus and an expansive medical-training center that he planned to build, to benefit Native Americans. By the time of his death, in , there was no sign of the university or the medical center, and the sculpture was still just scarred, amorphous rock.
Ziolkowski had, however, built his own impressive tomb, at the base of the mountain. On a huge steel plate, he cut the words. The unveiling ceremony prompted a wave of media attention, a visit from President Bill Clinton, and a fund-raising drive.
Most of the Ziolkowski children, when they became adults, left to pursue other interests, but eventually returned to draw salaries at the mountain. Some have worked on the carving and others have concentrated on the tourism infrastructure that has developed around it—both of which, over the decades, have grown increasingly sophisticated. They pay an entrance fee currently thirty dollars per car , plus a little extra for a short bus ride to the base of the mountain, where the photo opportunities are better, and a lot extra a mandatory donation of a hundred and twenty-five dollars to visit the top.
They buy fry bread and buffalo meat in the restaurant, and T-shirts and rabbit furs and tepee-building kits and commemorative hard hats in the gift shop, and watch a twenty-two-minute orientation film in which members of the Lakota community praise the memorial and the Ziolkowski family. They are handed brochures explaining that the money they spend at the memorial benefits Native American causes. There are many Lakota who praise the memorial.
Some are grateful that the face offers an unmissable reminder of the frequently ignored Native history of the hills, and a counterpoint to the four white faces on Mt. But others argue that a mountain-size sculpture is a singularly ill-chosen tribute. When Crazy Horse was alive, he was known for his humility, which is considered a key virtue in Lakota culture.
He never dressed elaborately or allowed his picture to be taken. He learned to ride his horse great distances, hunting herds of buffalo across vast plains. As a young man, Curly had a vision enjoining him to be humble: to dress simply, to keep nothing for himself, and to put the needs of the tribe, especially of its most vulnerable members, before his own.
He was known for wearing only a feather, never a full bonnet; for not keeping scalps as tokens of victory in battles; and for being honored by the elders as a shirt-wearer, a designated role model who followed a strict code of conduct. He later lost the honor, after a dispute involving a woman who left her husband to be with him.
White settlers were already moving through the area, and their government was building forts and sending soldiers, prompting skirmishes over land and sovereignty that would eventually erupt into open war.
In , when Curly was around fourteen, he witnessed the killing of a diplomatic leader named Conquering Bear, in a disagreement about a cow. The following year, he may also have witnessed the capture and killing of dozens of women and children by U. Army soldiers, in what is euphemistically known as the Battle of Ash Hollow. He continued to build a reputation for bravery and leadership; it was sometimes said that bullets did not touch him.
The U. But it was also playing a waiting game. Buffalo, once plentiful, were being overhunted by white settlers, and their numbers were declining. Every buffalo dead is an Indian gone. But, just six years later, the government sent Custer and the Seventh Cavalry into the Black Hills in search of gold, setting off a summer of battles, in , in which Crazy Horse and his warriors helped win dramatic victories at both Rosebud and the Little Bighorn.
But the larger war was already lost. In , after a hard, hungry winter, Crazy Horse led nine hundred of his followers to a reservation near Fort Robinson, in Nebraska, and surrendered his weapons. Five months later, he was arrested, possibly misunderstood to have said something threatening, and fatally stabbed in the back by a military policeman. He was only about thirty-seven years old, yet he had seen the world of his childhood—a powerful and independent people living amid teeming herds of buffalo—all but disappear.
That same year, the United States reneged on the treaty for the second time, officially and unilaterally claiming the Black Hills. More and more Native Americans, struggling to survive on the denuded plains, moved to reservations. Twenty of the soldiers involved received the Medal of Honor for their actions. His name was connected to the major campaigns of the U. Following the Battle of The Little Bighorn, the bands of Lakota and the Cheyenne who were present at the battle began to scatter.
The Cavalry and Infantry commands fielded by the U. Army continued to track the dispersed bands, attempting to drive them back to the Great Sioux Reservation. Crazy Horse along with tribesmen eventually turned themselves over to the military authorities in May of Crazy Horse died in , but he still seen as a mythic figure to the modern Sioux. Little is known of Crazy Horse's early years except that he was born near Rapid Creek on the eastern side of the Black Hills about There is no authenticated sketch or photograph of Crazy Horse, but he had been described as possessing fair skin with soft, light-colored hair.
This young Oglala, whose mother was Spotted Tail's sister, played a decisive role in many battles with the United States Army. In , along the Oregon Trail in Wyoming, a Brule' warrior had killed a cow belonging to a Mormon immigrant.
When the immigrant complained to the army, 2nd Lieutenant John Grattan was sent from Fort Laramie with a small detachment to arrest the guilty individual. The situation exploded when Grattan's detail fired upon the people in the Lakota Sioux village. Conquering Bear, a chief, was fatally wounded.
Warriors attacked Grattan's force, and killed every soldier within a few minutes. Crazy Horse, who observed this action, was influenced by what he saw; and it would affect his future actions. He signed no treaties, avoided the ways of the white men, and spurned reservation life. By his mid-teens, Crazy Horse was a full-fledged warrior.
His skills in battle made him much admired by the members of his own band. Crazy Horse frequently engaged in battle with U. Army forces, helping to defeat Captain Fetterman and his 80 men on December 21, While he was on a raid, another Oglala man who had also been courting Black Buffalo Woman returned to camp and took the girl as his wife. This incident created animosity between the two men that lasted until Crazy Horse's death.
On December 6, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs declared that all free roaming bands of Lakota Sioux must return to their reservation by January 31, Crazy Horse did not respond to this ultimatum, and joined in the resistance to the military enforcement of the ultimatum.
Eight days later he helped defeat the 7th Cavalry at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Crazy Horse, who refused to go on a reservation or flee to Canada as others were doing, set up winter camp on the Tongue River in south-central Montana Territory. He attacked Colonel Nelson Miles' force on January 8, but was not successful in defeating the army. The relentless pursuit by the military, combined with the check at the Battle of Wolf Mountain, convinced Crazy Horse that surrender was inevitable.
At Fort Robinson and the Red Cloud Agency, old rivalries and misunderstandings between military officers and various Lakota Sioux personalities, and Crazy Horse erupted into open animosity. Crazy Horse was to be arrested to prevent continued disruption, and in the ensuing scuffle, Crazy Horse was mortally stabbed. He died on the evening of September 5, Box 39 Crow Agency , MT Explore This Park.
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